I have put together a range of useful revision materials for you here. Don't forget that there are more resources available on the sidebar at the right. If you have a specific revision question don't forget our Twitter feed @andallthatweb.

Before you do anything - 
Download the revision guide from Mr Kennett's site.

Getting Started
Remember - revision is a long term process of helping your brain to remember what you have learnt so that you can deploy it effectively in the exams. Get started ASAP!

1) Get some top tips on effective revision by reading the leaflet "Revising the Facts" OR looking at "How Your Brain Learns"

2) Once you have read the above, make a plan for how you are going to tackle revision. You can then get cracking! The resources below are all designed to help you with this.

Revising the Knowledge
There are a range of really useful resources for revising your knowledge. Try some of these:

• The best recourse for revision in your textbook or the revision guide above. Remember you can maximise remembering by doing mind-maps, timelines and flashcards and testing your memory.
• The "Meet the Historians" podcasts cover the whole time period and offer historian's interpretations of the major leaders in Soviet history. As a minimum you need to listen to the two-parter by Martin McCauley
  
• Have a read through McCauley's take on key issues connected with the course - a great way into interpretations
• Finally use the files section at the top right of this page to download useful powerpoints, notes and other relevant materials.

Practicing the Technique
The exam technique is crucial to success. The examiners will be looking for three really key things:

1. Your understanding of the question - does your answer have enough breadth?
2. Your knowledge - do you have enough depth in terms of specific and relevant knowledge?
3. Your ability to engage with the historical debate - at this level this should include some specific historians.

You may find the following resources useful:

• A generic, summary mark scheme for all questions.
• An overview of the key themes and thematic questions plans.
• Some activities on introductions and opening paragraphs.
• Some more thematic overview planning.
• Don't forget Mr Kennett's excellent essay writing super-guide as well.

Other Help
Dealing with exam nerves gives you tried and tested tips on how to overcome the exam jitters.
Basic exam skills helps to explain what key examination words mean.
Basic Revision Advice gives you Mr Walker's Top Tips for effective revision

“Papers, please”

The young man hands over his passport and entry visa. I check his passport number on both documents and study the image carefully. The stamp on the visa seems a little odd, and the picture not quite the same. I query him further.

“It is an old picture” he tells me. I hand him a card and he provides his fingerprints, meanwhile I search the official record of known criminals…his name and face are not there.

I check the fingerprints against the records and they do match, he was telling the truth. But what is this? It seems his entry visa says he has come to work but I don’t see a work permit.

“Where is your permit? All citizens must have a permit.” He hands over his permit. He is an artist. The permit is out of date and I challenge him.

Suddenly his mood changes. “Do not send me back, they torture me there.” He pleads.

I am torn. My hand hovers over the stamp to deny him entry. If I let him through then it will be a black mark against my name. I have already made two mistakes today and this time they will dock my pay. I have a wife and a sick child at home. My mother-in-law has already died as I couldn't afford to heat our tiny home.

He slips a 5 credit note over the counter “Please help me” he says. Part of me wants to help, but I know I cannot. I could detain him and have him interrogated for lying on his passport. I tell him this. I will be kind and just send him back to where he came. I stamp “access denied” on the documents and hand them back to him.

“No!” He says “This is shit. I will not leave.” Suddenly alarms are going off everywhere. “I will blow myself up. We will all die here.”

My protective shutter slams down and two guards run into the room with guns raised. Through the shutters I see the silhouette of the man being bludgeoned by the butt of a rifle. He is dragged out of the room and taken off for questioning.

The siren sounds all clear and I am left genuinely shocked by the sudden turn of events.

Papers, Please is full of moments like this. The story is cleverly written so that you are asked to make choices based not only on winning the game, but theoretically also on your moral outlook. In one case a man arrives with a crude forgery of a passport, but he seems so friendly you do not want to get him in any trouble, he is clearly a bit simple. But he keeps coming back, and each time you have to decide if you feel sorry enough to let him through, or cruel enough to have him detained. 


Then there is the young girl who comes to you to ask for help. She is just 20 years old. She says that she is going to work in a dancing club, but that she does not trust the man who has come to collect her. She tells you his name and walks through. A few minutes later the man in question arrives. His passport is in order. You could deny him entry but this would be another black mark against you. You let him through and hope for the best. Two days later the papers report that three dancers have been found dead at an Arstotzkan club. You pray that this wasn’t the same one.

Of course, there will be plenty of people who play through "Papers, Please" without ever thinking about the message it is attempting to convey. However, when for the first time I let a man through who had a concealed weapon, I was genuinely shocked. He shot a border guard. From that day on I ordered all people with passport discrepancies to have x-rays taken. As I examined the naked photos for signs of concealed weaponry it really highlighted the slow creep of increasingly invasive surveillance. 

Equally, being a game, one of the major motivations is of course to get the highest score, to unlock all of the 20 possible endings. But to do these things, you are forced to take some fairly unpleasant courses of action: shooting down refugees as they make a run for it; splitting up husbands and wives; complying will all state directives to the letter; and so on. It does not take long playing a game to set aside your moral scruples about the virtual characters of the game in order to achieve your goals. Arendt’s phrase about the “banality of evil” really came back to me here. How easy it was to make decisions based on the rule book I had been given, especially when it made my own life easier. How much harder to give up my “score” to let a fleeing dissident or the passport-less wife of a Arstotzkan citizen through. The scary realization is that this was really no different from those border guards who did this in real life on say the border between East and West Germany. Reality is warped by domestic pressures, the threat of arrest (or in this case the termination of the game) and extrinsic rewards.

Papers, Please is not so much a game as a dark and disturbing exploration of the mentalities of the men and women who held power in Communist Europe. As a game I am not sure it succeeds, it is not actually that fun to play. But on the level of exploring human motivation, it is a masterpiece.

"Papers, Please" is available for iPad, PC, Mac and Linux here: http://papersplea.se 

For another way of exploring these issues, you might like to watch the brilliant "Lives of Others".

The playlist you've been waiting for your whole life... my YouTube collection of Soviet jokes. In all honesty, many of these contain the essence of the story of the Soviet Union. Find any more? Email them to me. Enjoy!! Link HERE. 

Want to see more? The full documentary is available HERE. I think it is also a book.

For those of you who have listened to my interview with Professor Peter Kenez, you may well be interested in a few thoughts on his autobiography. For those of you who haven't - you can find the interview HERE. Peter Kenez' "Varieties of Fear" tells the story of his early life and eventual escape from Hungary. It covers Kenez' own tragic experiences of Nazi occupation, followed by Soviet occupation and eventually, Communist control. Yet this isn't a book which focuses simply on the horrors of a country under control of exterior forces. Kenez focuses very much on his day to day life as a teenager growing up in a shifting world. His concerns are those of other teenagers, just in strange surroundings. I found this a fascinating read and one which I would highly recommend, especially to A Level students trying to understand the impact of an historian's context on their world view. Reading this may well shed some light on Kenez' views in his "A History of the Soviet Union from Beginning to End" for example. Regardless of which, this is an excellent read, made more gripping by the contrast of such extremes. The book is available HERE.

Have you read it? Let me know what you think

The period of Soviet history between Nikita Khrushchev’s fall from power in 1964, and the arrival of Mikhail Gorbachev as premier in 1985, has often been seen as a period of economic, social and political stagnation in the USSR. For the vast majority of this twenty year time frame, the USSR was governed by one man, Leonid Brezhnev. As such, the Brezhnev era has earned a reputation for being a flat-line in the development of the socialist experiment. However, this view is far from universal. 

To discuss the nature of Brezhnev’s rule in Russia, and particularly the extent to which it might be considered as period of stagnation, I am joined by John Keep, the emeritus professor of Russian history at the University Toronto. Since retiring in 1988, he has co-written a retrospective on Stalininsm, and has also produced a fantastic overview of the Soviet Period in his “A History of the Soviet Union 1945-1991: The Last of the Empires” which is recommended core reading for the study of the USSR.

You can find the episode on the main MeetTheHistorians page HERE.

Today’s episode is the second of a two part programme with Dr Martin McCauley, formerly a senior lecturer in Russian and European history at the University of London. Dr McCauley has a long standing interest in the Soviet Union, having conducted research there in the late 1950s. He is the author of a wide range of books on the Soviet Union, including The Khruschev Era, and the excellent, Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union.

In this programme I discuss the issues of historical approaches and methods  with Dr McCauley and try to find out a bit more about how he came to his conclusions on the Soviet  Union. This is a fascinating insight into how pastiches of a country are built up over time.
You can find the episode on the main MeetTheHistorians page HERE.
 

Today’s episode is the first of a two part programme with Dr Martin McCauley, formerly a senior lecturer in Russian and European history at the University of London. Dr McCauley has a long standing interest in the Soviet Union, having conducted research there in the late 1950s. He is the author of a wide range of books on the Soviet Union, including The Khruschev Era, and the excellent, Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union.

In this podcast, Dr Martin McCauley gives a broad overview of the rise and fall of the USSR. You can find the episode on the main MeetTheHistorians page HERE.

The Soviet Union came to an abrupt end in December 1991, with the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev from his position as President of the USSR, leaving a multitude of affiliated and independent states in its wake. However, the union had been fragmenting for some time, and there is a good deal of historical debate about how far the end of the Soviet Union was inevitable, and the extent to which Gorbachev might be held accountable for its demise.

In this podcast, Professor Peter Kenez discusses the impact of Gorbachev on the Soviet Union. A worthwhile listen. You can find the episode on the main MeetTheHistorians page HERE.

I was extremely fortunate to have the opportunity to speak to Professor Taubman, author of the critically acclaimed and definitive biography of Khrushchev: "Khrushchev, the man and his era." Nikita Khrushchev is probably one of the most controversial figures in the history of the Soviet Union. Both a symbol of peaceful coexistence, but also responsible for some of the most tense moments of the Cold War. His reputation at home was no less volatile. In this episode Professor Taubman explains the impact of Khrushchev's personality on his actions as a Soviet leader, covering a diverse range of topics from economic reform to the Cold War. 

You can find the episode on the main MeetTheHistorians page HERE

A few weeks ago I contacted eminent historian and Senior Lecturer at the University of London, Martin McCauley, to see if he would be willing to take part in a telephone interview about Soviet history. I sent him a number of possible topics. To my great delight, Martin has not only offered to come and visit us in school, but has also taken the time to give his initial thoughts on the themes I posed in my initial contact. I have included a full overview of his responses here and have also attached his "Guide to Soviet Politics" as well. I am hugely grateful to Martin for allowing me to use these. 
I have also included a short video of Dr McCauley speaking about the current crisis in the Ukraine.





You may also like to read McCauley’s other works including:

• McCauley, M., 2013. Stalin and Stalinism. London: Routledge
• McCauley, M., 1993. The Soviet Union 1917-1991. London: Routledge
• McCauley, M., 2007. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union. London: Routledge

a)      The importance or otherwise of Stalin's role in the management of the Great Patriotic War.

Stalin was critical: he started off catastrophically by refusing to believe that Hitler would attack. It took him two years to learn mechanised warfare. He had killed Tukhachevsky who had foreseen how war would be waged. However his role was pivotal. Had he committed suicide after Hitler’s attack, possibly Zhukov would have taken over the defence of the country. He had proved his mettle in holding back the Japanese at Nomonhan in Mongolia in 1939. Stalin proved himself a great war leader. He possessed the ability to penetrate to the core of a problem, then find a solution and demand its implementation. He made many mistakes but then which war did not?

b)      The effectiveness of the Communist regime to enlist mass patriotism for the war effort.

The communist party played a minor role during the war. Patriotism and the iron will of Stalin and his troops to resist the German onslaught saved the day. The Soviets knew that defeat meant slavery. Russian patriotism was emphasised: going back to Alexander Nevsky’s defeat of the Teutonic Knights; Kutuzov’s and Suvorov’s defeats of Napoleon (Suvorov never lost a battle against Napoleon), etc. The Russian Orthodox Church was reinstated and blessed troops before battles. The communist party took a backseat.

c)       The extent to which Stalin’s regime was threatened by wartime opposition within the USSR.

Had the Germans promised to undo collectivisation and return the land to the peasants, the situation might have become critical for Stalin. However the Germans kept the collective farms because it was the easiest way to extract food from the peasants. They also failed to promise non-Russians a better future. They relied on military might – ‘hard’ power and neglected ‘soft’ power. Here they missed a great opportunity. Tens of thousands of Soviet citizens fought on the German side but Hitler never trusted them.

d)      The extent to which the relationship between the Soviet people and Stalin's regime had changed by 1945.

Stalin celebrated victory in May 1945 as a Russian not a Soviet victory. His standing had never been higher. Many hoped for a revival of Marxism-Leninism and a freer future. Stalin chose to impose a harsh regime. Everyone had to sacrifice the present for a better future. The onset of the Cold War in 1947 forced greater military expenditure. Stalin dealt harshly with the Leningraders in 1948 (the Leningrad Affair). His power was greater than in the 1930s.

e)      How far economic recovery had been achieved by Stalin’s death in 1953.

Published Soviet statistics are not to be taken at face value. They were always exaggerated but by how much? Officially Soviet Gross National Product grew by 8.9 per cent annually between 1946 and 1950. Living standards in the countryside were lower in 1953 than in 1913. There was famine in 1947. Millions moved from the countryside to the towns. Taxes on a peasant’s private plot forced him to sell his produce in the kolkhoz market.

f)       The extent to which the USSR achieved economic growth under Khrushchev and Brezhnev.

This was the period of its maximum growth and the Soviet Union became an educated urban society. Growth reached its apogee in the mid-1970s and declined until 1991. Khrushchev’s reform mania angered the clans and he paid the price for it. The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia stopped economic reforms which could have had a positive impact. Afterwards enterprises concluded that there was no use waiting for economic reform and began to expand the shadow capitalist economy (legal because it was between state enterprises). The black market (illegal because it was between individuals) grew as well especially under Brezhnev.

g)      The impact of Destalinisation within the USSR and on Soviet relations with the satellite states.

Destalinisation undermined the legitimacy of the communist party and its sister parties in Eastern Europe. It destroyed the myth of an omniscient Stalin and communist party. The events in Poland and Hungary were a direct result. Khrushchev told the east Europeans that there were several roads to full communism: they did not have to follow the Soviet model slavishly. This led the Czechs and Slovaks to believe that they could introduce a socialist market economy (a euphemism for capitalism) and argue that economic reform inevitably involved political reform. A big mistake. Destalinsation undermined Soviet propaganda. Propaganda serves two main purposes: rubbish the views of your enemies and create a new world view within your society. Stalin, previously a demi-god, was now cast as a criminal. The credibility of propaganda diminished.

h)      Reasons for the political stagnation in the Soviet Union 1956-1991.

Khrushchev tried to break up the clans and undermine patrimonial politics. The clan chiefs removed him. Brezhnev never took them on again as he feared being ousted. The party barons ran their bailiwicks as their own fiefdoms. Some of them (Rostov oblast, for example) worked the black market and earned large amount of hard currency. Central Asia was run by feudal princes who collected bribes as they perambulated around their republic. There were huge scams: eg the cotton scandal. The USSR Minister of the Interior was akin to a mafia boss. Brezhnev engaged in consensual decision making which meant that no hard decisions were taken. He was gaga from 1975 onwards.

i)        The extent of political and social change under Brezhnev and the impact of Brezhnev’s policies upon this.

There was very little political change but great social change. The middle class grew and an educated elite emerged. The slowdown in the economy from the mid-1970s onwards saw the rise of nationalism. Brezhnev was enamoured of the scientific technological revolution but quickly realised that computers were a threat to the rule of the party. Youth was taken by western pop music and this led to an expansion of the black market in videos and records. Komsomol leaders were among those who benefited most. The Beatles were a sensation as were some western films. Soviet communist culture could not compete. Some party officials took to wearing jeans! They had to be seen as cool!

j)        The nature of and threat posed by dissidents in the USSR after 1956.

Dissidents never posed a real threat to communist power. What they did was to provide an alternative culture and Weltanschauung. They undermined the cultural legitimacy of the Soviet model. Vaclav Havel in Czechoslovakia developed a counter-culture which grew in importance. The 1975 Helsinki Final Act permitted western nations to enquire about human and religious rights in the Soviet Union. Helsinki committees were set up in the Soviet Union and elsewhere.

k)      The motives for, and impacts of, Gorbachev's reforms.

Gorbachev was aware that the Soviet Union had slowed down economically and was falling behind the US. Living standards were stagnating. He needed to raise them and introduced perestroika. This term was not a reform agenda merely an aspiration to change things for the better. Gorby was economically illiterate and this led to economic reforms which undermined the country. He believed that glasnost would put pressure on the party barons from below and force them to become more responsive to public pressure. He concluded that political reform was also necessary. This culminated in the USSR Supreme Soviet elections in 1989. Deputies laid into Gorbachev and the Soviet system. They had power and no responsibility. They voted large increases in pensions, etc without considering how to finance this and other expenditure. The result was rising inflation and a shortage of everyday goods. Gorbachev took the party out of the economy in 1988 and this, of course, really annoyed the party barons. It was an unwise move as the barons had been the glue which kept the economy together. Gorby put no mechanism in its place to compensate for this reform. Co-ops became legal and they were used to launder black market money. His anti-alcohol campaign was a disaster financially (booze had contributed most to the state budget) and it saw a rapid rise in the black market for vodka.

l)        The main reasons for the decline and fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

There were two great loss making sectors of the Soviet economy: agriculture and defence. The rest of the economy had to subsidise them. By 1975 this compact was breaking down. Defence expenditure (especially nuclear submarines) was increasing while the economy was stagnating. The Soviet Union imported grain, foodstuffs, chemicals and machinery increasingly from the early 1970s. It sold gold and exported oil to pay for them. Technologically the country was falling behind the west. The exception was the military which as early as 1973 had more nuclear subs than the US and Britain together. By 1982 the Soviets were capable of destroying all major cities in North America and western Europe by launching nuclear missiles from their subs. The Americans conceded they could neither win a conventional nor nuclear war against the Soviet Union. Eastern Europe was also a drain on Soviet finances. The collapse of the Soviet Union was mainly due to inept political and economic decision making by Gorbachev and his clan. There was no need for the country to disappear from the map of Europe. Nationalism, the rise of the Russian Federation (RSFSR) and Yeltsin were other reasons.

m)    The impact on the USSR of the collapse of Communist regimes in the satellite states at the end of 1989.

The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe was a terrible shock to Gorbachev. He had envisaged reform communism not its demolition. The Soviet liberals and democrats were emboldened by these events and the conservatives and military angered. The party barons faced oblivion. Privatisation in Eastern Europe was also mirrored in the Soviet Union and capitalism appeared the way ahead for many. The Soviet military in eastern Europe make a lot of money selling its equipment and working the black market in the Soviet Union by selling cigarettes, liquor, computers, etc. acquired in East Germany and elsewhere. The ideas of socialist democracy and a socialist market economy (capitalism) were very attractive to many Soviets. A major problem was the myth of the golden West. Copy the West and become rich was the goal. Unfortunately Russians and others had no understanding of a how a market economy worked. It involves losers as well as winners.